Izazinzulu zibamba amafu ukuze zisindise iGreat Barrier Reef

Kube yihlobo elitshisayo e-Australia kunye neekorali kwi-Great Barrier Reef zibonisa iimpawu zokuqala zoxinzelelo. 1998 ukuba ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu emanzini kuye kwasusa ii-coral ezinkulu ezihlala kwizidalwa zaselwandle ezingenakubalwa.Izilwanyana.Iziganeko ezithathu kwezi zenza ukuba iikorale zibe sesichengeni sezifo nokufa ziye zenzeka kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo iyodwa. uxinzelelo lobushushu obude, bagxotha i-algae ehlala kwizicubu zabo kwaye bajike babe mhlophe ngokupheleleyo.Oku kunokuba nefuthe elibi kumawaka eentlobo zeentlanzi, oononkala kunye nezinye iintlobo zaselwandle ezixhomekeke kwiingqaqa zekorale kwindawo yokuhlala nokutya.Ukunciphisa izinga lekorale. i-bleaching ebangelwa kukufudumala kolwandle, ezinye izazinzulu zikhangele esibhakabhakeni ukuze zifumane isisombululo.Ngokukodwa, zijonge kwilifu.
Amafu azisa ngaphezu kwemvula okanye ikhephu kuphela. Emini, amafu asebenza njengeparasols ezinkulu, ebonisa ukukhanya kwelanga okuvela eMhlabeni kubuyela emajukujukwini. Ipesenti yolwandlekazi lwetropikhi, ukupholisa amanzi angaphantsi.Yiyo loo nto izazinzulu ziphonononga ukuba iimpawu zabo zomzimba zinokuguqulwa na ukuze zithintele ukukhanya kwelanga ngakumbi.KwiGreat Barrier Reef, kuthenjwa ukuba kuya kunikezelwa isiqabu esifuneka kakhulu kwiicoral colones phakathi amaza obushushu asanda rhoqo.Kodwa kukwakho iiprojekthi ezijolise ekupholiseni kwehlabathi eziphikisana kakhulu.
Ingcamango emva kombono ilula: dubula izixa ezikhulu ze-aerosols emafini ngaphezu kolwandle ukwandisa i-reflection.Izazinzulu ziye zaziwa amashumi eminyaka ukuba amasuntswana kwimizila yongcoliseko eshiywe ziinqanawa, ekhangeleka kakhulu njengemizila emva kweenqwelomoya, inokukhanyisa ekhoyo. clouds.Kungenxa yokuba la masuntswana adala iimbewu zamathontsi elifu;ngokuye esiba mancinci amathontsi elifu, kokukhona amhlophe nangcono amandla elifu okubonakalisa ukukhanya kwelanga phambi kokuba libethe kwaye lifudumeze uMhlaba.
Kakade ke, ukudutyulwa kwee-aerosols ezingcolisa amafu akubobuchwephesha obufanelekileyo bokusombulula ingxaki yokufudumala kwehlabathi. Ingcali yefiziksi yaseBritani engasekhoyo uJohn Latham wayecebise ngo-1990 ukuba kusetyenziswe iikristale zetyuwa ezisuka kumanzi olwandle abe ngumphunga endaweni yoko. Ulwandle luninzi, luthambile, kwaye ngakumbi. Ugxa wakhe uStephen Salter, unjingalwazi ophumayo kwezobuNjineli kunye noyilo kwiDyunivesithi yase-Edinburgh, emva koko wacebisa ukuba kuthunyelwe iinqanawa ezimalunga ne-1,500 ezilawulwa kude eziya kuhamba elwandle, zifunxa amanzi kwaye zitshize inkungu emafini ukwenza amafu. Brighter.Njengoko ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kuqhubeka nokunyuka, ngokunjalo umdla kwisiphakamiso esingaqhelekanga sikaLatham kunye noSalter.Ukusukela ngo-2006, isibini sisebenzisana neengcali ze-20 zeYunivesithi yaseWashington, i-PARC kunye namanye amaziko njengenxalenye yeProjekthi ye-Oceanic Cloud Brightening. (MCBP).Iqela leprojekthi ngoku liphanda ukuba ukongeza ngabom ityuwa yolwandle kumafu asezantsi, aguquguqukayo e-stratocumulus ngaphezulu kolwandle kunokuba nesiphumo sokupholisa emhlabeni.
Amafu abonakala ethandeka ngakumbi ekukhanyeni kunxweme olusentshona loMntla noMzantsi Melika nakumbindi nakumazantsi eAfrika, utshilo uSarah Doherty, isazinzulu somoya kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington eSeattle olawule iMCBP ukusukela ngo-2018. elwandle xa ubumanzi buqokelelana bujikeleze iinkozo zetyuwa, kodwa ukongeza ityuwa encinane kubo kunokunyusa amandla abonakalisa amafu. Ukulinganisa kwekhompyutha kucebisa. "Izifundo zethu zentsimi zokutshiza amasuntswana etyuwa yolwandle kumafu kwinqanaba elincinci kakhulu kuya kunceda ukuqonda nzulu kweenkqubo eziphambili zomzimba ezinokukhokelela kwiimodeli eziphuculweyo," utshilo.Uvavanyo oluncinci lwesixhobo somfuziselo. zazicwangciselwe ukuqalisa ngo-2016 kwindawo ekufutshane neMonterey Bay, eCalifornia, kodwa ziye zalibaziseka ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali kunye nokuchaswa koluntu kwimpembelelo yovavanyo enokwenzeka yokusingqongileyo.
“Asivavanyi ngokuthe ngqo ukuqaqamba kwamafu olwandle nangasiphi na isikali esichaphazela imozulu,” utshilo uDoherty.Nangona kunjalo, abagxeki, kubandakanywa amaqela okusingqongileyo kunye namaqela akhuthazayo afana neCarnegie Climate Governance Initiative, banexhala lokuba kwanovavanyo oluncinci lunokuthi luchaphazele ihlabathi jikelele. imozulu ngenxa yobume bayo obuntsonkothileyo. ”Uluvo lokuba ungakwenza oku kwinqanaba lengingqi kwaye kumlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu iphantse ibe yinkohliso, kuba umoya ojikeleze umhlaba kunye nolwandle bebungenisa ubushushu kwenye indawo, utshilo uRay Pierre Humbert, unjingalwazi wezobuchwephesha. Physics kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford.Kukwakho nemingeni yobuchwephesha.Ukwenza isitshizi esinokuthi ngokuthembekileyo sikhanyise amafu akuyonto ilula, njengoko amanzi olwandle ethanda ukugquma njengoko ityuwa isanda.Ukujongana nalo mngeni, iMCBP iye yacela uncedo kuArmand Neukermans, i Umqambi womshicileli we-inkjet woqobo, owayesebenza eHewlett-Packard naseXerox de wafumana umhlalaphantsi wakhe. Ngenkxaso yemali evela kuBill Gates kunye namanye amagqala oshishino lobuchwephesha, iNeukmans ngoku iyila imilomo yokuqhumisa amathontsi amanzi anetyuwa anobungakanani obufanelekileyo (120 ukuya kwi-400 nanometers. ububanzi) kwiatmosfera.
Njengoko iqela le-MCBP lilungiselela uvavanyo lwangaphandle, iqela lezenzululwazi zase-Australia liguqule iprototype yokuqala ye-nozzle ye-MCBP kwaye yavavanya phezu kwe-Great Barrier Reef.I-Australia ifumene ukufudumala kwe-1.4 ° C ukususela ngo-1910, idlula umyinge wehlabathi we-1.1 ° C, kunye neGreat Barrier Reef ilahlekelwe ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seekorale zayo ngenxa yokufudumala kolwandle.
Ukukhanya kwamafu kunokubonelela ngenkxaso ethile kwiingqaqa kunye nabemi bazo.Ukuphumeza oku, iNjineli yezolwandle yaseSouthern Cross University uDaniel Harrison kunye neqela lakhe bafakela inqanawa yophando ngee turbines zokumpompa amanzi aphume elwandle.Ngokufana nenkanunu yekhephu, i-injini yomoya ikhupha amanzi. kwaye idubula iitriliyoni zamathontsi amancinci emoyeni ngemilomo yayo engama-320. Amathontsi omile emoyeni, eshiya ngasemva ityuwa enetyuwa, ethi ithiyori ixube kunye namafu asezantsi estratocumulus.
Uvavanyo lweqela lobungqina bengqikelelo ngoMatshi ka-2020 nango-2021 - xa iikorale zisemngciphekweni wokuba mhlophe ekupheleni kwehlobo lase-Australia - zazincinci kakhulu ukuba zingasitshintsha kakhulu isigqubuthelo samafu. Umsi onetyuwa wakhukuliseka esibhakabhakeni. Iqela lakhe libhabhise iidrones ezinezixhobo zelidar ukuya kuma kwiimitha ezingama-500 ukuphakama ukuze imephu intshukumo yeplanga.
Iqela liza kusebenzisa iisampulu zomoya kwinqanawa yophando yesibini kunye nezikhululo zemozulu kwiingqaqa zekorale naselunxwemeni ukufunda indlela amasuntswana namafu axubene ngayo ngokwendalo ukuphucula iimodeli zawo. , inokuchaphazela ulwandle ngeendlela ezinqwenelekayo nezingalindelekanga,” utshilo uHarrison.
Ngokomzekelo owenziwe liqela likaHarrison, ukunciphisa ukukhanya okungaphezulu komlambo malunga ne-6% kuya kunciphisa ubushushu bomhlaba kwishelufu ephakathi yeGreat Barrier Reef ngokulingana ne-0.6 ° C. Ukunyusa iteknoloji ukugubungela zonke iingqaqa-iGreat Barrier Reef yenziwe ngamatye angaphezulu kwama-2,900 eekhilomitha ezingama-2,300 ukunqumla—iya kuba ngumngeni wokulungisa izinto, utshilo uHarrison, njengoko kuya kufuna malunga nezikhululo zokutshiza ezingama-800 ukuba ziqhube iinyanga ngaphambi kokuba kulindelwe amaza aphezulu. IGreat Barrier Reef inkulu kangangokuba inokubonwa usemajukujukwini, kodwa igubungela kuphela i-0.07% yomphezulu woMhlaba.UHarrison uvumile ukuba kukho imingcipheko enokubakho kule ndlela intsha ekufuneka iqondwe ngcono.Ukukhanya kwamafu, okunokuphazamisa amafu okanye ukutshintsha indawo Imozulu kunye neepateni zemvula, ikwayinkxalabo enkulu kwi-cloud seeding.Bubuchule obubandakanya iinqwelomoya okanye iidrone zokongeza iintlawulo zombane okanye iikhemikhali ezifana ne-iodide yesilivere emafini ukuvelisa imvula.I-United Arab Emirates kunye neTshayina ziye zazama ubuchwephesha bokulwa nobushushu. okanye ungcoliseko lomoya.Kodwa loo manyathelo aphikisana kakhulu - abaninzi bawathatha njengeyingozi kakhulu.I-Cloud seeding kunye nokuqaqamba kuphakathi kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"geoengineering" ungenelelo.Abagxeki bathi kuyingozi kakhulu okanye ukuphazamiseka ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa.
Ngo-2015, ingcali yefiziksi uPierrehumbert wabhala ingxelo yeBhunga loPhando leSizwe malunga nokungenelela kwemozulu, isilumkiso semicimbi yezopolitiko kunye nolawulo. tyala imali ezizigidi ezingama-200 zeerandi kuphando.UPierrehumbert wamkele uphando oluqaqambisa ilifu lolwandle kodwa wafumanisa iingxaki ngesixhobo sokutshiza esiphuhliswe njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yophando eqhubekayo.Ubuchwephesha bunokuphuma esandleni, utshilo. ulawulo, ayizi kuba ngabo benza izigqibo.”Urhulumente wase-Australia ugxekwe kakhulu ngokungasebenzisi ukujongana nengxaki yemozulu kunye nokuxhomekeka kwawo kumbane obaswe ngamalahle, ubona amafu olwandle eqaqamba. uphando, uphuhliso lwetheknoloji kunye nokuvavanywa kokungenelela okungaphezulu kwe-30, kubandakanywa nokukhanya kwefu lolwandle .Nangona amanyathelo amakhulu otyalo-mali afana noYun Zengliang asaphikisana.Amaqela e-Environmental axoxa ukuba oku kunokubeka ingozi kwindalo kwaye kuphazamise imizamo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza.
Kodwa nokuba ukukhanya kwamafu kubonakala kusebenza, uHarrison akacingi ukuba iya kuba sisisombululo sexesha elide sokusindisa iGreat Barrier Reef.” imiphumo yako nakuphi na ukuqaqamba iza koyiswa kungekudala. Kunoko, uHarrison uthi, injongo kukuthenga ixesha ngoxa amazwe ehlisa umoya okhutshwayo.” Selidlulile ixesha lokuba sibe nethemba lokuba sinokuyinciphisa ngokukhawuleza imisi ekhutshwayo ukuze sisindise iingqaqa zekorale ngaphandle kokungenelela.”
Ukufezekisa ukukhutshwa kwe-net-zero ngo-2050 kuya kufuna izisombululo ezintsha kwinqanaba lehlabathi.Kolu ngcelele, i-Wired, ngokubambisana nenyathelo le-Rolex Forever Planet, igxininisa abantu kunye noluntu olusebenza ukusombulula eyona mingeni yethu inzima yokusingqongileyo. ubambiswano noRolex, kodwa wonke umxholo uzimele.funda ngakumbi.